December 2022

Like an individual the states also cannot live in isolation. No state can be absolutely self-reliant and self-sufficient. For many of its requirements, a state has to depend upon the cooperation of other states. Thus the state has to maintain friendly relations with others and cannot afford continuous conflicts with the other states, particularly with

Rights are essential for the individuals because no man can attain fullest development of his life in the absence of rights and liberties.Laski says “Rights are those conditions of social life without which no man can seek himself to be at his best.” Despotic and authoritarian regimes allowed very little freedom to the people. But

Indian society has remained infected with caste system for many centuries and divided in castes and subcastes. In the beginning caste system was based on work as it was nothing but a system of division of labour. Those who were involved in reading and teaching and performance of rituals were called Brahmins, those involved in

With the attainment of independence, the Indian leaders faced the problem of eradication of backwardness of the society and its rapid development. About three-fourths of its population lives in villages and their main profession is agriculture. The development of rural life was the immediate need of free India. A lot of finance is required for

The success of political democracy is linked with the social and economic democracy which can be achieved only when the general lot of the people improves socially and economically. When India secured freedom from the British rule, the conditions prevailing here were deplorable. Indians were very much backward both socially and economically. Several sections of

Indian democracy is a cultural heritage to India. The main reason for being a democracy and for establishing its own path through various adverse circumstances is that democracy traditions have become deep rooted in India. Tolerance in every sphere of life has got a respectful place. If this characteristic of Indian culture had vanished, democracy

In democracy interest groups are also always active and they try to influence the law making and decision making for their advantage. India is not exception. We find so many interest groups and pressure groups active in Indian politics.Pressure groups are the contribution of American Politics. But in actual practice pressure groups are found in

Democracry and party system go together. In a democracry where representatives in the assemblies are elected through free and fair elections, where people have liberty of thoughts and expression and to criticise the government, the emergence of political parties is a natural process. Political parties in India are not the outcome of establishment of democratic

Party system is an essential elements of democratic set up. Modern Democracy is the representative democracy and a representative government cannot work without political parties. These days candidates are sponsored by the parties, voters vote for the party not for the individual candidates, governments are formed by the parties. Thus political parties are essential in

In 19th century Industrial Revolution and Individualism influenced the political setup in the most of the state in Europe. Consequently Capitalism developed. But the open competition and free trade had its bad results and the conditions of working class became deplorable. Voices were raised against this set up all around and its was demanded that

Political thinkers have been expressing their views from the very beginning about the aims of the state, relations between the individual and the state and the sphere of the state activity. Various political ideologies throw light on these questions. Liberalism is one of those ideologies, and was very popular in the 19th century. But it

Fascism is an ideology that advocates for a totalitarian state and which had its birth in Italy after the First World War. It was led by Benito Mussolini. A similar ideology had its origin at the same time in Germany under the leadership of Hitler and it was called Nazism. Fascism is a form of

Russia was the first Communist state, when the peasants and workers through social revolution captured the ruling power of the state and dictatorship of the Communist Party was established. Communism is a branch of Marxism and it is generally believed that Marxism and Communism are identical. But actually there is distinction between the two.Marxism consists