John Neumann was a pioneer of the application of operator theory to quantum mechanics, in the development of functional analysis. Along with Teller and Stanislaw Ulam, John Neumann worked out key steps in the nuclear physics involved in thermonuclear reactions and the hydrogen bomb. John Neumann wrote 150 published papers in his life; 60 in pure mathematics, 20 in physics, and 60 in applied mathematics. His last work, published in book form as The Computer and the Brain, gives an indication of the direction of his interests at the time of his death.
John von Neumann was born on December 28, 1903. He was a Hungarian-American mathematician who made major contributions to a vast range of fields. The eldest of three brothers, John Neumann was born Neumann Janos Lajos. John Neumann’s ancestors had originally immigrated to Hungary from Russia. John was a child prodigy who showed an aptitude for languages, memorization and mathematics. By the age of six, he could exchange jokes in Classical Greek, memorize telephone directories and displayed prodigious mental calculation abilities. He received his Ph.D. in mathematics from Pázmány Peter University in Budapest. That time he was 22 years of age. At the same time, he earned his diploma in chemical engineering from the ETH Zurich in Switzerland. John Neumann married twice. He married Mariette Kövesi in 1930, just before emigrating to the United States. They had one daughter. He then divorced her in 1937 and married Klari Dan in 1938. In 1937, John Neumann became a naturalized citizen of the US. This was after migrating with his mother and brothers. In 1938, John Neumann was awarded the Bôcher Memorial Prize for his work in analysis.
John Neumann also created the field of cellular automata without the aid of computers, constructing the first self-replicating automata with pencil and graph paper. Throughout his life John Neumann had respect and admiration for business and government leaders; something which was often at variance with the inclinations of his scientific colleagues.
John Neumann’s interest in meteorological prediction led him to manipulate the environment by spreading colourants on the polar ice caps to enhance absorption of solar radiation, thereby raising global temperatures.
John Neumann’s principal contribution to the atomic bomb itself was in the concept and design of the explosive lenses needed to compress the plutonium core of the Trinity test device. John Neumann’s hydrogen bomb work was also played out in the realm of computing, where he and Stanislaw Ulam developed simulations on John Neumann’s digital computers for the hydrodynamic computations. During this time he contributed to the development of the Monte Carlo method, which allowed complicated problems to be approximated using random numbers.
John Neumann’s first significant contribution to economics was the minimax theorem of 1928. This theorem establishes that in certain zero sum games with perfect information, there exists a strategy for each player which allows both players to minimize their maximum losses. An astoundingly creative mathematician, John von Neumann played a rather important role in post-war economic theory.
John Neumann died on February 8, 1957 (aged 53) in Washington, D.C., United States.
