24 Religion

The life of early man was taken with hazards, irregulations and perplexities. Even now with all our understanding and scientific achievement, life runs an uncertain course. There are no hostile animals to fear but epidemics still sweep across the land taking a heavy tool to life. Accidents take place leading to mutilation and suffering. One

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22 Social control

There are several devices of social control. Social order is not possible without the sanction of law. The physical scientist is interested in the ntural laws and a sociologist is also a social scientist and he studies those laws which are manifested by the behaviour of human beings.The main forms of social control are as

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21 Concepts of social change

There are various stages through which the economic organization of society has passed since the earliest times.Economic organization of the societyThey are (i) Hunting and fishing state; (ii) Pectoral stage; (iii) The agriculture stage; (iv) The handicraft or commercial stage and (v) Industrial stage.The Hunting and Fishing StageIn early times, men used to support their

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20 State and Society

Society may be defined as a number of persons pursuing common ends or purposes and united by a consciousness of common pursuit. It involves no reference to residence in any well defined area as community does. Participation in a common spiritual fund is not essential to it as it is to constitute community.A society is

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18. Globalization

The last decade has witnessed much talk about globalization, economic liberalization and economic integration of the Indian economy with the world economy. Specially after the completion of Uruguay Round of trade negotiations in April 1994 and the establishment of the World Trade Organization in January 1995, many issues have been raised regarding India’s participation in

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17. Consumer protection

Under the modern concept of marketing consumer is treated as the king as all the activities of business circulates around one of the major aim i.e. to provide maximum satisfaction to consumers. But in reality consumes are often exploited and ignored. Misleading advertisements, adulterated products, under-weighing, overcharging, are some of the examples of exploitation of

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16. Population

Ask anyone living in big metropolitan cities from the 1950s to compare the quality of life then and now. He will roll out to you the entire panorama of the paradises of sorts in which he lived more than half a century ago to the virtual hell into which he has been dumped today. Jobs

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15. Drug Abuse

Drug abuse is a psychiatric, psychological and social problem affecting the youth of the country. It ruins the individual and the society in manifold ways—socially, physically, culturally, emotionally and economi-cally. Acting on the brain, the drug spawns a wide range of disorders like fear, anxiety and a sense of insecurity in the human mind.There are

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14. Child labour

Children constitute 36 per cent of India’s population and it is a national shame that bulk of them still suffer from malnutrition, poverty, disease, cruel exploitation through forced child labour and beggary and on top of all, illiteracy. Hundreds of thousands of children roam the streets without homes or families to go back to and

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13. Health

There is no denying that remarkable progress has been achieved in the realms of science and technology, particularly medicine, information technology, communications, infrastructure deve-lopment, food production, speciality hospitals in the cities, etc. Yet medicare for the millions of poor and the lower middle class families still remain a luxury. Millions of people are still trapped

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12. Ecology

We are living in an endangered environment caused by our progress and folly—a world, we thought, just belonged to us and none else. And we are paying a dear price with nature reacting violently around the world. You can’t obviously rape Nature and get away with it. You are getting back in your own coin.Regions

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