Circulatory system supplies the food and the gases to the different parts of the body. Blood is the carrier for circulating the food and gases throughout the body regularly. It includes the blood, lymph, heart and vessels.Different circulatory systems are :1. Intra-cellular circulation : It is in single cell organisms like amoeba, paramecium etc. This […]

External and Internal RespirationIn external respiration the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place between the surroundings. In internal respiration utilization of oxygen carrying out of the oxidation and the elimination of CO2 by the body cells takes place.Tidal Volume : This is the amount of air expired or inspired involuntarilly. This is about

MineralsMineral salts regulate the various metabolic activities of the body. They are usually taken in food. The important minerals needed for the body are calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potasium, sodium, iron, sulphur, copper, cobalt, zinc, iodine, chlorine etc. Sodium Chloride is a important mineral salt.Water : Water is the essential constituent of the body. This is

Digestion : It is a hydrolytic process and is carried out by a number of enzymes. The process of digestion converts larger and complex food materials into smaller food particles which become easier to absorb. In fact it is a process of nutrition.Digestive system : The digestive system contains alimentary canal and the associated glands.

Integument or skin is the outer protective layer of the body. It protects the body from in fections and maintains its shape. Skin has hairs, it is water proof.Skin is thick and has two layers,Epidermis and Dermis.EPIDERMISIt is the outer layer of the skin. It has sensory nerves which are tactile in function. It is

Body is divided into the following systems, thses are1. Integumentary system2. Digestive system3. Vitamins and minerals4. Respiratory system5. Circulatory system6. Excretory system7. Nervous system8. Sense organs9. Endocrine system10. Reproduction system11. Locomotion12. Skeleton, Joints and MusclesAll these systems are described in detail in next Chapters. All these systems carry out the body functions by which body

Histology deals with the study of minute structural details starting from tissue level to organ level.Different organs which are studied in histology are :Alimentary canalThis is also called digestive organ. It starts with the mouth and ends into the anus. It is composed of five basic layers.1. Seroaus membrane2. Muscular layer3. Sub-mucose4. Muscularis Nucosae5. Mucosa1.

Tissue : Group of cells having similar structure and function is called tissue. In general tissue forming cells have common origin.General Features of TissuesIn a tissue cells remain together by a non-living intercellular substance.1. Intercellular substance is jelly-like.2. The tensile strength of tissues is due to collagen fibers.3. A substance found in space is called

The cell is the basic unit of the structure of all living beings.The study concerning cell is known as cell biology.All living beings-animals and plants are composed of cells.The cells play a similar role in body building as the bricks play in the construction of a building or atoms play in the structure of matter.HistoryVan

Nomenclatures are of two types viz.(i) Binomial nomenclature and(ii) Trinomial nomenclature.Bionomial nomenclature : This classification was proposed by Linnacus (a Swedish taxonomist) in 1758. According to this classification,(a) Two names to any species were given by him.(b) First name is generic and second name is of the species.(c) This name distinguishes the animal from other

Biology is the study of living organisms. Aristotle is known as the father of biology. The term biology was coined by Lamarck and Traviranus in 1802.Branches of BiologyThere are three branches of biology namely botany, zoology and microbiology. Botany is the study of plants. Theophrastus is known as the father of botany. Zoology deals with