Primary Dicot RootEpidermis : It is a protective layer. In it cuticle and stomata are absent.Exodermis : Its cells prevent the exit of water from the root.CortexGeneral Cortex : It is parenchymatous and keeps the food stored.Endodermis : It has casparian bands on radial walls and cells help in movement of water and salts from […]

Tissue : A tissue is defined as a group of similar cells which carry or help to carry a common function and has a common origin.Tissues are of two types—1. Meristematic tissue.2. Permanent tissue.Various types of tissues combine to form complex plant organs. These organs are roots, stem, fruits, flowers and leaves.1. Meristematic Tissue :

Taxonomy is an important branch of botany. It deals with the study of morphology, cytology, genetics, physiology etc. in botany. It also deals with the identification nomenclature and classification of plants.In taxonomy description of morphological characters are given.Aims of TaxonomyAims of taxonomy are—(a) It gives worlds flora through identification and description.(b) Taxonomy gives method of

Dispersal of seeds means how fruits and seeds disperse to distant places. Dispersal is very much essential for the new plants to grow. If they do not disperse, they will directly fall below the plant and germinate. New plants will grow below the mother plant. Due to this they will not get food and population

Fruit : After fertilization the ovary begins to develop into a fruit and the ovules inside the ovary develop into seeds. Such a fertilized, developed and ripened ovary is called a fruit.ParthenocarpyIn parthenocarpy unfertilized ovary develops into a fruit. Such type of fruits do not have seeds.Parthenocarpic fruits are of three types—(a) Genetic parthenocarpy :

The branch of science which deals with the development of embryo from zygote is called embryology.The sporophyte and gametophyte are two stages in the plant kingdom.Sporophyte : This is deploid stage. It is developed from zygote. Both the vegetative and reproductive organs (flowers) develop on this plant.Gametophyte : This is reduced haploid stage. The pollen

Pollination : Pollination is defined as the process of transfer of pollens from the stamens to the stigma. The flower may be same or different.Direct Pollination : It occurs in Gymnosperms where ovules are naked. The pollen grains fall directly on the ovule. This is called direct pollination.Indirect pollination : It occurs in angiosperms where

Flower : Flower is an important shoot meant for sexual reproduction. In a flower there are sepals, petals, stamens and carpels the four types of floral leaves. Sepals and petals are floral leaves. These are non-essential organs. Stemens and carpels are ‘essential’ organs.Parts of a FlowerA typical flower consists of four parts. These are (a)

Inflorescence : The mode of production of flowers on the peduncle is called inflorscence.Peduncle : The main axis that get flowers and helps in reproduction is called peduncle.Pedicels : In this the flowers are attached to the peduncle with their stalks are called pedicels.Sessile : The sessile are the flowers in which pedicels are absent.Terminal

Leaf : Leaves are lateral outgrowth developed exogeneously from the nodes of the stem or branches. Buds develop in the axils of leaves. These are thin flat green parts which prepare food materials through the process of photosynthesis.Functions of Leaf(i) Leaves carry out photo-synthesis by which food is synthesized.(ii) Diffusion in leaves controls oxygen and

Shoot System : Shoot system or stem is the part of the plant which grows above the soil.Stem : Aerial axis of the plant, positively phototropic, bearing leaves, buds, flowers, fruits and branches, is called as stem.Features of Stem(i) Stem is usually an aerial part which grows vertically upwards, negatively geotropic and towards light (positively

Root : Main axis of the plant body, mainly underground root, has the following parts—Primary Root : Primary root is the descending organ of the plant that develops as the direct prolongation of the radicle of the embryo.Root cap : The delicate root tip, covered by a group of corky dead cells, is called the

Introduction : As bricks are units of any building, cells are the building blocks of any plant or animal body. All living organisms are made up of cells.The body of a plant or animal may be unicellular or may be made up of many cells (multicellular). In a single cell organism the characteristic features of

Pure Botany : It deals with the study of plants as they are found in nature.Applied Botany : It deals with the study of applied aspects of botany to the usefulness of mankind.Morphology : It deals with the study of different organs of a plant.External Morphology : It deals with the study of external characters

Biology : It is concerned with the study of living organisms.Biology has three branches—(a) Zoology : It deals with the study of animals.(b) Botany : It deals with the study of plants.(c) Microbiology : It deals with the study of micro-organisms like bacteria, viruses etc.Habitat : It is a place where an organism grows naturally.Mesophytes