Born: May 12, 1820, Florence, Italy
Died: August 13, 1910, London, England
Florence Nightingale was a British nurse, hospital reformer and humanitarian.
Born in Florence, Italy, on May 12, 1820, Nightingale was raised mostly in Derbyshire, England, and received a thorough classical education from her father. In 1849, she went abroad to study the European hospital system, and in 1850 she began training in nursing at the Institute of Saint Vincent de Paul in Alexandria, Egypt. She subsequently studied at the Institute for Protestant Deaconesses at Kaiserswerth, Germany. In 1853, she became superintendent of the Hospital for Invalid Gentlewomen in London.
After the Crimean War broke out in 1854, Nightingale, stirred by reports of the primitive sanitation methods and grossly inadequate nursing facilities at the large British barracks-hospital at Üsküdar (now part of Istanbul, Turkey), dispatched a letter to the British secretary of war, volunteering her services in Crimea. At the same time, unaware of her action, the minister of war proposed that she should assume direction of all nursing operations at the war front. She set out for Üsküdar accompanied by 38 nurses. Under Nightingale’s supervision, efficient nursing departments were established at Üsküdar and later at Balaklava in Crimea. Through her tireless efforts the mortality rate among the sick and the wounded was greatly reduced.
At the close of the war in 1860, with a fund raised in tribute to her services, Nightingale founded the Nightingale School and Home for Nurses at Saint Thomas’s Hospital in London. The opening of this school marked the beginning of professional education in nursing.
Florence Nightingale’s contributions to the evolution of nursing as a profession were invaluable. Before she undertook her reforms, nurses were largely untrained personnel who considered their job a menial chore; through her efforts the stature of nursing was raised to a medical profession with high standards of education and important responsibilities. She received many honours from foreign governments and in 1907 became the first woman to receive the British Order of Merit. She died in London on August 13, 1910. In 1915, the Crimean Monument in Waterloo Place, London, was erected in her honour. Her writings include Notes on Nursing (1860), the first textbook for nurses, which was translated into many languages. Among her other writings are Notes on Hospitals (1859) and Notes on Nursing for the Labouring Classes (1861).
