Fertilization : In the process of intercourse, sperm from semen comes in contact with ovum and fertilizes it. After fertilization embryo is formed. It needs proper nutrition and proper care so that the child is normal after growth.Embryonic Nutrition : After the development of an embryo the number of cells increases and the developing embryo […]
Reproduction is the process by which every animal maintains the existence of its own species. It is a biological process followed by every living organisms.Reproduction is of two types :(A) Asexual reproduction and(B) Sexual Reproduction.(A) Asexual reproduction : In this process the production of animals takes place without fertilization and zygote formation. This is of
Endocrine system contains two types of glands.Exocrine glands : These glands convey their secretion to the place of their action.Endocrine glands : These glands secrete hormones and send them into blood stream. Blood carries these hormones to the place of action. But pancreas and gonads are of mixed nature.Hormones : These are the chemicals produced
Sense organs : Eyes, ears, tongue, nose and skin are the sense organs of the human body. Their description is given below.Eyes : Eyes are the organs of sight. All animals use eyes for seeing the objects. In man these are spherical in shape and situated in the orbits. Each eye ball is made up
Nervous system co-ordinates the functions of different organs of the body. With the help of external stimulus, the system analyses and produces sensations accordingly. It retains the memory of the past. It conducts the messages and information between the different organs of the body. The sense organs like eyes, ears, smell, taste etc. are also
During matabolic activities the harmful waste products produced in the body are eliminated by the body. This is known as excretion. There are several organs such as skin, liver, lungs, large intestine and kidneys, etc. known as excretory organs of the body. These organs help in performing the osmoregulatory function of the body.The animals are
Circulatory system supplies the food and the gases to the different parts of the body. Blood is the carrier for circulating the food and gases throughout the body regularly. It includes the blood, lymph, heart and vessels.Different circulatory systems are :1. Intra-cellular circulation : It is in single cell organisms like amoeba, paramecium etc. This
External and Internal RespirationIn external respiration the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place between the surroundings. In internal respiration utilization of oxygen carrying out of the oxidation and the elimination of CO2 by the body cells takes place.Tidal Volume : This is the amount of air expired or inspired involuntarilly. This is about
MineralsMineral salts regulate the various metabolic activities of the body. They are usually taken in food. The important minerals needed for the body are calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potasium, sodium, iron, sulphur, copper, cobalt, zinc, iodine, chlorine etc. Sodium Chloride is a important mineral salt.Water : Water is the essential constituent of the body. This is
Digestion : It is a hydrolytic process and is carried out by a number of enzymes. The process of digestion converts larger and complex food materials into smaller food particles which become easier to absorb. In fact it is a process of nutrition.Digestive system : The digestive system contains alimentary canal and the associated glands.
Integument or skin is the outer protective layer of the body. It protects the body from in fections and maintains its shape. Skin has hairs, it is water proof.Skin is thick and has two layers,Epidermis and Dermis.EPIDERMISIt is the outer layer of the skin. It has sensory nerves which are tactile in function. It is
Body is divided into the following systems, thses are1. Integumentary system2. Digestive system3. Vitamins and minerals4. Respiratory system5. Circulatory system6. Excretory system7. Nervous system8. Sense organs9. Endocrine system10. Reproduction system11. Locomotion12. Skeleton, Joints and MusclesAll these systems are described in detail in next Chapters. All these systems carry out the body functions by which body
Histology deals with the study of minute structural details starting from tissue level to organ level.Different organs which are studied in histology are :Alimentary canalThis is also called digestive organ. It starts with the mouth and ends into the anus. It is composed of five basic layers.1. Seroaus membrane2. Muscular layer3. Sub-mucose4. Muscularis Nucosae5. Mucosa1.
Tissue : Group of cells having similar structure and function is called tissue. In general tissue forming cells have common origin.General Features of TissuesIn a tissue cells remain together by a non-living intercellular substance.1. Intercellular substance is jelly-like.2. The tensile strength of tissues is due to collagen fibers.3. A substance found in space is called
The cell is the basic unit of the structure of all living beings.The study concerning cell is known as cell biology.All living beings-animals and plants are composed of cells.The cells play a similar role in body building as the bricks play in the construction of a building or atoms play in the structure of matter.HistoryVan